Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for LIFE in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in LIFE gives LIFE a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in LIFE construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in LIFE questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of LIFE's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in LIFE questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in LIFE questionnaire with a two factor pattern

Gender socialization, as one of the most basic types of socialization, affects a person's individual and social LIFE, including the stability of his or her marital LIFE. The aim of this study was to explain the relationship between gender socialization and divorce between 178 divorced women and 222 women with emotional divorce, which was conducted by survey method in Bandar Abbas. This study used biological and social theories to explain gender socialization and theories of structural functionalism and the love triangle to explain divorce. In the present study, simple and stratified random sampling proportional to volume was used for women with emotional divorce and chain sampling was used for divorced women. Questionnaire data were collected through interviews and face validity was confirmed through literature review and expert judgment, structural validity was confirmed by factor analysis and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha. The results showed that gender socialization of 29.4% of divorced women and 70.6% of women with emotional divorce is traditional, and on the other hand 60.2% of divorced women and 39.8% of women with emotional divorce, Had a modern gender socialization. According to the results of Chi-square test, there is a significant relationship between the type of gender socialization of women, gender values, gender inequality and power relations with the type of divorce. Accordingly, women with emotional divorce have a more traditional outlook than divorced women.

According to classical texts, Dara stands out as a significant city from the EARLY Parthian era, situated on the eastern fringes of the Parthian Empire. Classical sources have documented this region under various names such as Apavortene, Zapaortenon, Partauticena, and Apauarcticena. Since the latter half of the nineteenth century, Iranologists have engaged in speculation about the location of Dara, drawing insights from descriptions provided by Justin and Pliny, as well as references to its whereabouts in classical texts. This research endeavors to offer relative conjectures concerning the location of Dara and Shahr-Tepe, a potential site representing it, through an evaluation of archaeological data alongside classical and Islamic texts. To achieve the research objectives using a descriptive-analytical approach, the study employs the library research method and incorporates archaeological data. In alignment with classical texts, the research suggests that the province of Apavortene is situated in Eastern Iran, and there exists a likelihood that the Islamic-period Abivard is a transformed manifestation of this Parthian-period province. Aditionally, a comparative examination of Dara in classical texts with present-day Shahr-Tepe in Dargaz reveals congruence, aligning with the descriptions provided by Justin and Pliny. Shahr-Tepe, located on the opposite side of Hezar Masjed Mountains between Nisa and Abivard, exhibits a singular historical period. Surrounded by Hezar Masjed Mountains, the region boasts an abundance of rivers and springs, expansive meadows, and remnants of forests within Tandooreh National Park and Tivan region. These characteristics confirm the general depiction of Apavortene and Dara found in classical sources. Collectively, these findings suggest that Shahr-Tepe, covering an area of approximately 70 hectares, could indeed represent the prominent city of the EARLY Parthian period

ABSTRACT Considering the concept of quality of LIFE in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the quality of LIFE. Therefore, according to the size of the city, different indicators should be considered to measure the quality of LIFE. Thus, according to the main goal of the research, which is to recognize, identify and compile the factors affecting the improvement of the quality of LIFE in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale, Qazvin and Zia Abad cities in Qazvin province were selected as study samples. In order to achieve the goal of the research, exploratory factor analysis and regression analysis were exerted. The findings show that the homogenization of the indicators affecting the quality of LIFE in all cities is incorrect. Some concepts, such as the size of the city, are effective in compiling and selecting the indicators affecting the quality of LIFE. So, the indicators affecting the quality of LIFE in each city can be different according to some concepts, such as the city's characteristics or the city's size. Examining study samples also shows that in small cities, social indicators are more important due to strong social solidarity among people and the high importance of social and cultural concepts. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the quality of LIFE; this shows that the Quality of LIFE indicators are different in all cities Extended Abstract Introduction Quality of LIFE is a multifaceted and dynamic concept that can be different from city to city and region to region and can be defined by various indicators. Not paying attention to this issue and considering the concept of quality of LIFE equally in all cities has caused the level of quality of LIFE to decrease in many cities, especially middle and small cities, in recent YEARS. On the other hand, considering the concept of quality of LIFE in cities to be the same, urban planners do not have a precise understanding of the factors affecting the quality of LIFE. Following this, the main goal of this research is to identify, identify and compile effective factors for improving the quality of LIFE in middle and small cities on an intra-provincial scale. In order to achieve this goal, the cities of Qazvin and Zia Abad in Qazvin province were selected as study samples, so that according to the size of the city, in order to achieve the goal of the research, the factors affecting the quality of LIFE are analyzed on an intra-provincial scale.   Methodology The research method is applied research based on quantitative methods. In line with data analysis, after extracting 60 indicators of quality of LIFE, first, the indicators were separated into separate and structured factors using the exploratory factor analysis method in SPSS software. And then, step by step regression method was used to measure the effective factors in improving the quality of LIFE in cities.   Results and discussion The research findings show that based on exploratory factor analysis, 16 factors were extracted in Zia Abad city and 15 factors in Qazvin city as effective factors on the quality of LIFE in small and middle cities. In order to present and explain the factors affecting the improvement of the quality of LIFE in small and middle cities, the factors extracted from the factor analysis were analyzed by multivariate regression method and step-by-step method. Furthermore, finally, (13) factors were introduced in Zia   Abad and (13) factors in Qazvin as the main factors influencing the quality of LIFE. The analysis of the findings indicates that in Zia Abad, factors such as LIFE expectancy and social relations, security, the state of urban services and access to urban facilities, living expenses, the state of urban furniture, urban traffic, the state of offices and housing have more effects in explaining and improving the quality of LIFE. In Qazvin, factors such as the state of urban services, the state of green and public spaces in the city, the state of security and economic opportunities in the city, the density and hope of urban, economic, and cultural LIFE, the state of roads and leisure in the city are effective in explaining the quality of LIFE. Following this, according to the above findings, quality of LIFE is a multidimensional and dynamic concept that directly relates to the type of cities and the specific characteristics of cities. Therefore, the quality of LIFE and its indicators can differ from city to city; because every city has its characteristics and characteristics with citizens with different cultures and thinking, which causes the factors affecting the quality of LIFE to be different. Therefore, considering the quality of LIFE and its indicators to be the same in all cities is wrong, which can lead to the decline of the quality of LIFE and the failure of quality of LIFE improvement programs.   Conclusion Finally, the research results indicate that quality of LIFE is a simple concept covering various urban LIFE aspects. This concept can be defined as a determining factor in the excellence and progress of cities and residents' satisfaction with their urban LIFE. It is multifaceted and dependent on place and time. As a result, the perception of people in different cities and communities about the concept of quality of LIFE and the factors affecting it can be different. Following this, factors and indicators should be selected according to the characteristics and conditions of that city in urban planning to improve the quality of LIFE for each city. Thus, this research, using the classification of cities based on the size of the city, has presented factors specifically for middle and small cities, which in small cities due to strong social solidarity among people and the great importance of social and cultural concepts, social indicators are more important. Moreover, in middle cities, due to the importance of finding economic concepts and urban services in people's lives and people's less communication with each other and the weakening of solidarity and social connections, indicators of urban services and facilities and economic factors have the most importance in explaining the quality of LIFE; this shows that the quality of LIFE indicators are different in all cities.   Funding There is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.   Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific.

2The current research was conducted with the aim of compiling and validating the educational package of the 10th grade religion and LIFE lesson based on Choice Theory. The research method for the stage of designing and compiling the educational package was descriptive-analytical method mixed . The main themes of the training package and the time required for training were taken from written sources such as the model of G schools and internal and external research projects. To validate the package, while using the face validity method, the content validity method was used in a qualitative and quantitative way. It was used with a panel of 14 experts. 14 experts were considered as the statistical population, 10 of them were in the field of psychology, two were in the field of curriculum planning, and two were in the field of education. In addition, two relative coefficients of content validity and content validity index were used. The minimum and maximum relative content validity coefficients for each item of the package were calculated as 1 and 0.71, and the content validity index in most sessions reached the number (0.85) for all goals in the educational protocol. The results revealed that the educational package of the Religion and LIFE lesson based on Choice Theory for 10th grade students have good formal and content validity and has the necessary validity for educational applications and research use.

the aim of current study was to compare eating habits of EARLY YEARS of LIFE and attachment styles of obese girls with normal weight girls.One hundred and fifty students with normal weight and 150 obese students were selected from Rafsanjan, Iran using purposive sampling method. The participants’ age range was between 9 and 11 YEARS. The participants completed the Demographic Questionnaire, the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (Musher-Eizenman, 2007), and the Inventory of Parent Attachment (Gullone & Robinson, 2005). The results of independent-samples t test indicated significant differences between the two groups in scores of the Feeding Practices subscales (such as child control, emotion regulation with food, encourage balance/ variety, food as a reward, involvement, pressure to eat, restriction for health, restriction for weight). No differences were found between the groups in the scores of attachment styles. The two groups had different birth weight. The obese girls’ parents had higher BMI than normal girls’ parents. The findings can be used in understanding childhood obesity, obesity prevention, and designing therapeutic interventions. The findings suggested that certain eating habit can be modified through culturally appropriate training.

To date, no experimental investigations utilizing petrographic, XRF, ICP, or TL methodologies have been undertaken for the analysis of Sasanian and EARLY Islamic pottery in Western Iran. Consequently, the findings of this study are anticipated to contribute valuable insights into the pottery production processes prevalent during this historical period in Western Iran. To achieve this objective, eight pottery specimens retrieved from the excavations of the Jahangir monument were submitted to the Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and the Geological Survey for petrographic analysis, while two samples each were designated for XRF, ICP, and thermoluminescence assessments. The primary research inquiries pertain to elucidating the composition and structure of the pottery, determining the firing intensity in the kiln, and discerning whether the pottery is of indigenous or imported origin. The outcomes of the experiments indicate the presence of three predominant compounds—quartz, iron oxide, and calcite—in the majority of samples procured from the Jahangir monument. Nonetheless, certain pottery specimens incorporate mica particles or chert stone in the clay composition. With few exceptions, the pottery is ascertained to be domestically manufactured, denoting its local provenance within the region. The texture of the selected pottery samples is characterized as silty, porphyritic, and inhomogeneously silty. The identification of calcite in the clay of all Jahangir pottery suggests a maximum kiln temperature of 800°C during the firing process. Furthermore, notwithstanding a limited number of exceptions, the scarcity of soil variations in the majority of pottery specimens implies a shared geographical origin